Heap Memory Vs Stack Memory, Articles C

endstream endobj 504 0 obj <>>>/Lang(en)/MarkInfo<>/Metadata 55 0 R/Outlines 135 0 R/Pages 498 0 R/StructTreeRoot 142 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 505 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 499 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 506 0 obj <>stream The education provided in schools in early days also tended to place great emphasis on the superiority of western culture. Thus, as early as 1823, the Roman Catholic sisters started a clinic for the sick and for children in Banjul. This research was funded by the European Research Council. A special memorial Mass was celebrated at the Holy Spirit Cathedral in Accra, Ghana, on Oct. 9. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. Father Burke spent more than half of his lifealmost 50 yearsin Ghana on the West Coast of Africa, said Father Edward Tetteh SVD, pastor of Blessed Sacrament-Our Lady of Divine Shepherd in Trenton, N.J. During his many years in Ghana, since he worked mostly in educational institutions, he produced excellent professionals: teachers, priests, ministers, doctors, engineers, lawyers, pharmacists, journalists and many others who work in different parts of the world.. From 1835 to the middle of the nineteenth century the Church was in opposition to traditional religion. For example, they made our people view polygamy and puberty rites as pagan practices. The work of the Basel Missionary Society was taken over with the consent of the Basel Mission Home Board by the United Free Church of Scotland whose ecclesiastical organization was Presbyterian. ABWE is also at work in countries that restrict evangelism. In Sierra Leone, among the earliest higher institutions which the C.M.S. Their economic activities went beyond the development of agriculture. In spite of the division, the parent Methodist missionary church played an important role in the history of Christianity in Sierra Leone. The blessings which Christianity has brought to West Africa are many. 2023 Society of the Divine Word. Earlier in 1846, the Rev. The quest for an all-inclusive development model of Ghana and other developing nations, therefore, calls for an insight into the role and responsibilities of religion toward education. At the time of its inception, however, there was no publication that systematically or comprehensively addressed the enormous problems that characterized the education of Blacks in the United States and elsewhere. Within ten years the C.M.S had opened twelve more schools in what is today Cross Rivers State. I wanted to buy a smartphone for him, but when he got to know the price of the cell phone, he humbly declined. By focusing on the African demand for education, I showed that Africans were not just passive recipients of mission schooling. T. Nelson. As we help existing churches become healthy through theological education, discipleship, pastoral training, and leadership development, we desire to see church-planting efforts within the local church soon follow. I compared data on the historical locations of mission stations since 1924, in 26 sub-Saharan countries with recent education data between 2008 and 2018. Cultural deprivation is what many of us suffer from []. The copies of letters received, 1890-1927, mention the plan from 1914 to gain control of future Ashanti Chiefs using education. These included the Baptist missionaries who under the American evangelist, Thomas Bowen, started work from Ogbomosho in 1855. Another difficulty that the early missionaries faced in the spread of Christianity was insufficient Christian literature at that time. Being able to speak and write in the colonisers language was considered a privilege. In due course leprosariums and orphanages were built to supplement their medical services. In 1880, two Roman Catholic priests of the Society of African Missions (S.M.A. In addition to promoting a monogamous lifestyle in their schools, missionaries often insisted on divorces before polygamists or their children could even enrol. personal development The Christian Connector is a great resource for Christians and aspiring ministry leaders and missionaries to apply for scholarships. Thank you for supporting this project. But Annor (1989) writes that before Europeans came to colonize Africa, Africans had a way of producing artifacts. The lead was followed by other missionaries, notably the Roman Catholic, whose first higher institution was St Edwards Secondary School in Freetown. This was a bitter pill for the Basel Mission to swallow after 19 years of devoted service in the mission field in the Gold Coast but they were not dismayed when they considered that in education and agriculture and artisan training and in the development of commerce, and medical services and concern for social welfare of the people, the name Basel by the time of expulsion of the mission from the country, had become a treasured word in the minds of the people. Missionaries and the intellectual history of Africa: a historical survey. Itinerario 7, no. In conclusion, the converts tended to look down upon many things in their ancestral culture. Moreover, speaking through interpreters is a defective means of communicating ones thoughts to ones audience. The early Christian missions concentrated their activities not only on religious matters. African Drama Who is Mrs. Konrad in Second Class Citizen? The Basel Mission. In this essay on the impact of Christian missionary activities on Ghanaian society, we shall examine the role of the missionaries in the development of Ghana and the rest of Africa. ), Father Auguste Moreau and Father Eugene Murat, arrived at Elmina and revived the Roman Catholic Church in Ghana. The European missionaries engaged in trading and other commercial activities as well. I well remember when he came to live with me in Trenton. opened was the Christian Institute, established in 1814 for the training of teachers, catechists and priests. Evans Brothers, Ltd. London. Indeed, in some situations the converts were taught to feel that they were absolved from obeying their own traditional rulers and certain laws of the state. As they could not recruit British missionary volunteers initially, the Church Missionary Society sponsored the services of German missionaries, who were Lutherans, to come out to Sierra Leone. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004. West African Senior School Certificate Examination. The tropical climatic condition in the country was not favourable to the early missionaries who came to the shores of West Africa. In fact, the Christian missionaries encouraged Ghanaians to reject African names and choose Christian names instead. In this chapter, we shall examine how Christianity and Western-style education influenced West Africans values, attitudes and life-styles. The foreign exchange earnings helped to develop Ghanas infrastructure. A short history of education in British West Africa. 522 0 obj <>stream One Liberian student recalls that we were taught to dress properly, to eat properly, to speak properly. They include Sierra Leone 1900-1933; Ghana 1903; Cape Verde 1904-1910; and St Vincent 1907-1912. Over time and with the dedication of teachers like Father Burke, the school rose to prominence. All rights reserved. However the superficial motivations and ideologies have changed, at the most basic level both contemporary Northern charities and nineteenth century missionaries share the belief that the North must come and save the suffering natives, which in the case of the missionaries, has been proven to have inflicted more harm than provided relief. ]v#5%{,%Y{iKsZ|Cm7NismGmg_zxKYh?>bQ?ni8G.wx:qAm$ eb!^Kr$,.9Qq^|1. Thus as early as 1823, the Roman Catholic Sisters started a clinic for the sick and for children in Banjul. Agricultural school graduates did not compete with European industries or European farmers, as they mainly grew crops that could not be grown in European climates. Some of these new crops were grapes coffee, mango, ginger, and olives. Among the first missionaries was the Rev. We shall now turn our attention to the activities of the Christian missionaries in Ghana. Grammar School for Boys in 1859, St Gregorys College opened by the Catholics in 1876, Methodist Boys High School 1878 and Methodist Girls High School 1879. university courses The system was devoid of any cohesive national policy. Ralph teaches English for Academic Purposes (EAP) online. In spite of all this, with the advent of the First World War in 1914 in the Kwaku District there were 21 congregations with a total of over 2500 members. He worked zealously as an evangelist and schoolmaster in the Castle School until his death in 1816. And traditionally polygamous societies would have higher educational outcomes today. The Essay Writing ExpertsUK Essay Experts. The achievement of the purpose of these Christian Missions came with some costs. What would have happened if missionaries had not insisted on monogamy? Some of these effects are still with us today. The school, which was established the year of independence in 1957, was a work in progress. In 1880, two Roman Catholic priests of the Society of African Missions (S.M.A. better grades The last two decades have witnessed the emergence of privately owned higher education institutions in Nigeria, including those owned by religious bodies and even by their individual members. These missionaries saw death in the course of their evangelizing work as a means to ascend to heavenly glory. education was an important means for mission evangelization. I also matched up locations that differed in proximity to the mission stations, but otherwise had similar preconditions for educational development. 2018). Then lets begin straightaway. Crampton, Edmund Patrick Thurman. They constitute the benefits that the missionaries brought to Africa as a whole. J. G. Christaller produced a Twi Grammar and Dictionary. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! Andreas Riis, assisted by a team of West Indian evangelists, laid the foundations of the Basel Missionary Church in the country. The Methodists, known as the Wesleyan Missionaries (after their founder), arrived in Freetown in 1811. Besides education, they cared for the sick. which were for females (Graham, 1971). The early African converts to Christianity, were made to abandon their ancestral culture and way of life as pagan therefore to be shunned. Not only did mission education strengthen colonial rule, but it also weakened traditional societies and implemented poor standards of Western education. Among other missionary hospitals of long standing and reputation are those run by the Methodists at Wenkyi in the Brong-Ahafo Region, and by the Seventh Day Adventists at Kwahu Atibie in the Eastern Region. With the support of the Propagation of the Faith within the Vatican, whose Cardinal Secretary became Pope Gregory XVI, various Roman Catholic missionary societies were founded. After earlier unsuccessful attempts by the missionaries Chretien Proten, Henrick Huckuff and Jacobus Capitein, the Anglican, Rev. The original Yaba College in Lagos has grown into a polytechnic. The Wesleyan and Basel missionaries established schools in Cape Coast, Accra . 1. Mission schools provided a steady stream of educated Africans capable of filling the lower levels of the colonial administration and operated vocational and agricultural schools (Ayandele 1966: 295; Foster 1965: 90-91; Sheffield 1973: 10-11). The missionaries condemned African religion, music, art, festivals and customary practices. Apart from the extreme south and the Horn, the interior was hardly touched by Europeans before the last quarter of the Nineteenth Century. As churches of the Volta Region begin reproducing, ABWE wants to reach out to Ghanas unreached people groups in its eight other regions. Upon completing his degree, Father Burke received his first assignment abroad: Ghana, the first Black sub-Saharan country in Africa to gain independence from a colonial power. The Akim area had about 3400 converts over 32 villages and there were about 900 children distributed in 27 Schools. Father Burke, whose students included Father Tetteh and Archbishop Charles Palmer-Buckle of Accra, arrived in Ghana, West Africa, in 1963, only four years after the country gained independence from Great Britain. For instance, in Nigeria, one of the first groups of missionaries to introduce organised medical services were the Roman Catholics. A.G. Frazer, did much to encourage the promotion of indigenous culture, but by and large the colonial authorities contributed to dwindling a good deal of our cultural heritage. Moreover, they introduced new crops into the Ghanaian economy. It is important for several reasons. This involved learning to read in the vernacular (Hadfield cited in Bone 1969:7). The government gave grants according to the strength of the staff and the efficiency of the school judged by inspection reports and the results of public examinations. All rights reserved. In 1954, he became the first Deaf African American to earn a bachelor's degree from Gallaudet University, the American university for the Deaf, and the first to earn a master's degree from Eastern Michigan University.He earned a second master's degree from Seattle Pacific Christian . Roman Catholic and Anglican missionaries came to the Gold Coast from the 15th century. bible knowledge They were replaced in Sierra Leone by the Holy Ghost Fathers in 1864, who made converts in large numbers not only among the pagans but also among the members of the then competing Christian churches. However, with time, they brought some crops, which they cultivated and which sustained them. It is one of the oldest continuously published periodicals by and about Black people. However, the motivation behind teaching Africans basic literacy and mathematics might not have been a cause for concern if not for the fact that the religious motivation curtailed education. In my study, I explored how colonial era conflicts and disagreements over marriage norms lastingly affected educational development. In traditionally monogamous societies, primary school completion increased by about eight percent, but only four percent in polygamous societies. One of their scholarships is a drawing for $2,500. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1995. In Ghana the Presbyterians were pioneers in reducing Ga and Twi into . Until almost the end of the colonial period education was still largely in the hands of the churches. life skills Missionaries travelled through dense evergreen forests, crossed rivers and climbed mountains to bring the Gospel to as many Ghanaians as they could. It is simply one of the gross evils of heathen society which, like habitual murder or slavery, must at all costs be ended. The effects of work done by Bishop Ajayi Crowther, assisted by the Igbo recaptive the Rev. Their arrival in South Africa was aimed particularly at spreading the Word of God. Finally, education affects many other aspects of peoples lives, including economic opportunities and political attitudes. Other Roman Catholic hospitals were built in all the nine regions of the country; including those at Asikuma and Foso (Central Region), Akyem Swedru (Eastern Region), Berekum (BrongAhafo), Maase (Asante Region) and Anfoega (Volta Region). Establishment of Christian Churches In Ghana. Longman Nigeria Plc., 1994, Boahen, A.A. et al Tropics in West Africa History. Meanwhile, the Scottish missionary, Mary Slessor, had established a reputation in the Cross River area as a nurse. The third, St Nicholas Grammar School (now Adisadel College), was founded by the Anglican Church in 1910. House, 1967. A history of African Christianity 1950-1975. The CMS began to work in the freed slave villages in Sierra Leone in 1804 and the Methodist in 1811. As negative as all these impacts of the missionaries undoubtedly were for the African pupils, the long-term consequences are arguably as serious. This was around the same time that the first Portuguese sailors arrived on the coast of Ghana. The missions agricultural schools were especially beneficial for colonial governments considering that governments believed that manual labour was a means to prevent discontent and unrest in the tribes (Hansen 1984:232). As a mission school graduate noted, local history was almost totally ignored. The Christian religion teaches the doctrine of one supreme God and is opposed to the worship of any other forms of deity. The Christian missionaries have been credited with the discontinuation of some obnoxious traditional practices among Ghanaians. With the exception of the first two volumes, marked "West Africa", these items are drawn from the volumes Series CWW. Their greatest legacy in the field of education was the foundation which the Methodist laid for what is today the Gambia High school. Literature In the Gambia, the Methodist missionary and first principal of what later became known as the Gambia High School, the Rev. In the case of Ghana, like other nations, the impact . In Ghana, for instance, they persuaded their converts to reject polygamy and human sacrifice. Missionary, educator contributed to building independent Ghana. ASSESS THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE CHRISTIAN MISSION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF GHANA. One reason why the Christian missionaries came to Ghana and the rest of Africa was to convert the people to the Christian faith. C.M.S. ), Father Auguste Moreau and Father Eugene Murat, arrived at Elmina and revived the Roman Catholic Church in Ghana. Even if secondary education was provided, it was often reserved for the sons of local chiefs (Oliver 1952:212; Beck 1966: 120), an elite the colonial government could then call upon to help rule the colony, a common practice in colonial Africa. Third, rivalry between the various Christian denominations also contributed to the poor standards of education. Although it can be said that Christian missionaries benefitted Africans by bringing in the more advanced Western education to the European colonies in Africa, it is believed that the mission schools in fact had a negative impact on the native peoples. Andreas Riis, assisted by a team of West Indian evangelists, laid the foundations of the Basel Missionary Church in the country. They relied very much on their home churches for their funds. Private Study In 1859, the first newspaper in Yoruba. We shall begin with the positive contribution of the Christian missionaries in Ghana. Babalola, E. O. Christianity in West Africa. History At the end of the eighteenth century, the Evangelical Revival began to bring to Africa an influx of missionaries whose laoburs would produce the first fruits of an enduring Christian presence in Sub-Sahara Africa. Initially,. The colonial Eritrean government ensured that native Eritreans received poor education by permitting them to only attend school up to the fourth grade (Miran 2002:127). This Western education imparted to the Ameru by the Church of Scotland Missionaries, Consolata . The Christian Connector Scholarship. After more than 20 years at Pope John XXIII School, he returned to the United States and served as parochial vicar at Blessed Sacrament-Our Lady of the Divine Shepherd in Trenton, N.J., where he lived with Father Tetteh. Listen as we explore missions, theology, and practice to help senders and goers alike. DISCLOSURE. 503 0 obj <> endobj Joseph Dunwell. Predominantly Muslim territory, the North received western education later than the South. People all around the world are searching for hope, but many dont have someone to tell them about the hope found in Jesus. African prose They did a lot to impact the social and economic lives of Africans. For the West Africans, the acceptance of Christianity meant the total rejection of most of the cherished institutions upon which their society rested. The Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist and Anglican missions all made a major contribution to education in Ghana and Africa as a whole. In the days of Portuguese contacts with Nigeria, Catholic priests had established missionary stations in Benin and the neighbourhood. Groundless fears that the converts would become contaminated with paganism led some of the Christian missionaries, notably the Presbyterians, to separate the Christians from the rest of the township. All work is written to order. However, the early missionaries established medical centres, at first at their mission posts, and later far and wide, to attend to the sick. Thus by training Africans to fill only the lower levels of the colonial administration and providing skilled workers from the vocational and agricultural schools who contributed to the economy and were less likely to question colonial rule than more educated Africans, mission schools helped to strengthen colonial rule. Your email address will not be published. Amidst much honest missionary activity in the country for two centuries, prosperity gospel teachers have also gained influence, and numerous indigenous cults have arisen with distinct appeal and just enough truth to create confusion and syncretism. Before 1925, there were only three secondary schools and three teacher training colleges in Ghana. The late Eighteenth Century witnessed the rise of Christian groups in Europe that resorted to the evangelization of Africa. Thus missionaries, by imparting education that promoted dependence on colonial rule, arguably contributed to the political instability that continues in the present day in many former African colonies, such as Kenya and Eritrea. Hilliard, F.H., 1957. Instead of adapting the teachings and practices of the new religion to suit indigenous values, as it did when the same Christian religion adopted Greek, Roman, German and Anglo-Saxon native practices, the early Christian missionaries condemned totally as pagan, and to be avoided by their converts, whatever they considered strange. The statistical evidence suggests that education would have spread more evenly. The History of Christianity in West Africa. The three models of Secondary education in Ghana since colonial times are the Mfantsipim School founded by the Church (mission) in 1876, Achimota School in 1927 established by the British Colonial government In the Gambia, as happened in other territories, the Christian missionaries did not confine their work to the spread of the Gospel alone. Reiterating what teacher education must encapsulate, Adegoke (2003) and Benneh (2006) indi-cated that the mission of Ghana's teacher education is to pro- If your specific country is not listed, please select the UK version of the site, as this is best suited to international visitors. Through academic lessons and lessons on Western etiquette and hygiene, mission students were isolated from their traditional cultures, a traumatic experience that would continue to trouble many students for the rest of their lives.